Aims: The present study aims to investigate the role of cloves in the prophylaxes or delay cataract development in the selenite-induced cataract in rat pups. Materials and Methods: Forty neonatal rat pups were obtained from the animal house of Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt. All rats fed on basal commercial diet. Four rat mothers having rat pups (25 ± 4 g) aging 12 ± 1 days were included in this study. Each rat mother and their pups were housed in one cage and served as groups from one to four. Group 1: Normal control; Group 2: Selenite-induced cataract; Group 3: Normal control treated with cloves extract; and Group 4: Selenite-induced cataract treated with cloves extract (100 mg/kg/b.wt.). The rat pups in the experimental Groups 2, 4 received a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (30 μmol/kg b.wt.), while groups (1, 3) were injected with normal saline (0.3 ml). Reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the blood. In lens, total protein (TP), reduced GSH, MDA, NO, carbonyl protein, hydrogen peroxide, advanced glycation end products, and metalloproteinase were determined. Results: The results of ophthalmic examinations in the group treated with cloves showed that lower maturation of selenite cataract by 70% of lenses while 30% of the lenses displayed Stage 1 cataract in all treated groups. Biochemical estimation showed a signifi cant increase in MDA and NO levels which accompanied by a signifi cant decrease in reduced GSH level in a cataractous group. After rats treatment with cloves, data showed a signifi cant increase in reduced GSH levels and a significant decrease in NO and MDA levels. Conclusion: The data in the lens showed a significant improvement in all parameters after treatment with cloves. Results concluded that cloves inhibited cataract formation, and protected the lens from the development of cataracts.

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Background: Infertility is a global health problem and a socially destabilizing condition for couples carrying several stigmas and a cause of marital disharmony. Assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) offers a chance at parenthood to couples, who until recently would have had no hope of having a “biologically related” child. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the awareness and perception of ART services among infertile couples at a public health facility in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of consecutively consenting infertile couples seen at the ART unit of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015. Results: The patients aged 22–52 years with a mean age of 36.1 ± 6.6 years and mean duration of infertility of 7.3 ± 5.8 years. Most (60.8%) belonged to middle social class. Of the 559 infertile couples interviewed, 87.3% were aware of ART services. Less than half (48.8%) were aware of surrogacy while majority (85.7%) rejected the use of surrogate mother. Reasons to decline surrogacy were desire to carry one's own child (51.7%) and “do not like the idea” (22.3%). Female partner age, duration of infertility, and religion had a significant influence on acceptance of donor egg (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the high level of awareness of ART, its low utilization remains a gap in the delivery of these services. Government and nongovernmental agencies need to institute interventions to stem the trend.

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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the general health practitioners toward diabetic retinopathy (DR), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Responses were obtained using a structured multi-point questionnaire. It included closed-ended questions that were arranged in a Likert's scale. Informed consent and ethical approval were obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software. Results: Of the 180 general practitioners (GPs) who participated in the study, 56.7% were males and 43.3% were females. Of those, 51.1% were practicing in rural areas, and 41.1% had postgraduate training. Participants had good knowledge about the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in KSA (97.2%). The majority (92.8%) agreed that early detection and treatment of DR plays a critical role in the prevention of permanent visual loss. However, participants had good attitude toward screening for DR. However, the practice of fundus examination was poorly mastered by 43.9% of the GPs. Conclusion: This study displays the need for hands-on training of GPs about detection of DR by direct use of ophthalmoscopes. Barriers for ophthalmoscope examination, as perceived, need to be further addressed and evaluated. Furthermore, It is of great importance to improve the screening facilities at the primary health care setting.

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Galactocele is a benign lesion of the breast, defined as a cystic dilation of the ducts. It is usually found during lactation, although it has also been described during pregnancy, which can mimic other breast lesions. We report a case of a 27-year-old woman of a rural area, presented at last trimester of pregnancy with right breast lump. Ultrasound and mammography of the right breast showed a well-defined cystic lesion, measuring 5 cm × 3.5 cm, suggestive of a breast hydatid cyst. Surgery was performed after childbirth confirming the diagnosis of galactocele.

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Context: It is estimated that 15.2%–43.8% of depression among medical students worldwide. Subjects and Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of depression and anxiety among the public and private sector. Setting and Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the students of private and public sector medical schools using convenient sampling validated “Becks depression scale.” Students of age group between 20 and 25 were included in the study. The dependent variable was depression, and independent variables were age, gender, religion, marital status, father's occupation, ethnicity, and the addiction history of the participants. Statistical Analysis Used: Logistic regression analysis is used to determine the association between depression and sociodemographic statistics. Results: Mean age and standard deviation of students were 23 ± 2 years. In univariate analysis, students suffered 1.8 times in public sector (odds ratio [OR]: 1.185, confidence interval [CI]: 0.537–2.614.), married students were 9.2 times (OR: 9.205, CI: 3.165–26.770), with a past depression history 14.3 times (OR: 14.397, CI: 5.928–34.961), with family history 3.6 times (OR: 3.684, CI: 1.477–9.189), with addiction history 5.4 times (OR: 5.413, CI: 1.729–16.979) and students whose fathers are businessmen were 2.9 times (OR: 2.92, CI: 1.024–5.127) more depressed. On multivariate analysis, only students with a past depression history were significantly 8.3 times more likely to suffer from depression (OR: 8.309, CI: 2.971–23.244). Conclusion: The study identifies that depression is more common in public sector students. This finding helps to develop policies for overcoming these problems which includes easy syllabus for students and providing them career counseling and guidance.

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Introduction: Gross motor skills are those which require the movement of the whole body and the involvement of the core stabilizing muscles of the body so as to perform activities of daily living and gross motor deficits refer to the lack of this coordination of muscles. Purpose: This study was conducted to contribute to the researches on gross motor coordination to provide systemic and appropriate physiotherapy guidance in children with motor deficits. Materials and Methods: We assessed the gross motor deficits in four different groups of children – cerebral palsy (CP), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), mental retardation (MR), and Down syndrome (DS), using the Charlop-Atwell scale. Forty children – 10 from each of these groups – were assessed. All children were between the ages of 6 years and 17 years. After the filling of these details and having received the consent of the child's guardian, they were asked to perform 6 different activities. These activities or categories were assessed both subjectively and objectively, and score was given on the basis of the Charlop-Atwell scale. These scores were then analyzed to get the results and draw conclusions. Results: The percent of motor deficits of CP was 65.56% followed by ASD, MR, and DS having 57.76%, 55.26%, and 38.98% motor deficits. Conclusion: CP showed the highest and DS children showed the lowest percent of motor deficits. There was a significant difference among the groups (P = 0.042).

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Objective: The study aimed to assess nutritional status in order to identify risk factors of dyslipidemia and atherogeneses among studied sample. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in Hawler Teaching Hospital in Erbil city/Iraq from period 1st September 2015 to 30 March 2016 and included (140) samples of dislipidemia (85 elderly previously diagnosed and 55 new diagnosed in mid ages) out patients. Interview questionnaire was used to assess nutritional status which included; anthropometric mesurment, biochemical tests of serum lipids, clinical examination, and diet history. Results: Low education, sedentary activity and unhealthy weight significantly increased risk of high levels of total and bad cholesterol and chronic diseases. As well as low and medium intake of vegetables and fruits increased risk of high levels of total cholesterol, bad cholesterols and low levels of good cholesterol significantly. High intake of rice and pasta decreased risk of high levels of triglyceride significantly. Conclusion: Low education and low intake of plant proteins and fibers are the main risk factors of dyslipidemia. They cause unhealthy weight and imbalance of nutritional status that could mediate atherogenesis with bad cholesterol by; age advance, sedentary life and low income.

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Salmonella gallinarum is a Gram-negative bacillus. The ubiquitous Salmonella reservoir is very wide, and many animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and insects) may harbor these bacteria. Expose a Host Tropism more restricted in poultry. This is essentially an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Its detection in crops is always difficult because it simulates many bacteria which are often associated in pathological products. S. gallinarum infections are rare, as we know, tree cases have been described in the literature. We report one case of S. gallinarum infection.

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Objectives: A questionnaire survey of Interns was conducted to obtain their feedback regarding newly introduced Clinical Competencies (CC) in King Khalid University College of Dentistry (KKUCOD), Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was employed with questions focusing on the effectiveness of didactic and clinical training, fairness, importance and confidence instilled by the CC. Dichotomous data was recorded and analyzed for distribution of frequency. Results: Majority (85.9% to 92.7%) of the surveyed interns 'agree' that all KKUCOD CC are important for general dental practice. 62.3 to 83.4 % interns 'agree' their classroom and clinical training was 'satisfactory' to 'excellent' for CC related to patient assessment and diagnosis, periodontal therapy, restoration of teeth and endodontics, replacing missing teeth, dental emergencies and radiographic interpretation and surgical management. These CC received 'excellent' rating for their fairness in KKUCOD evaluation and assessment system (percentage range of 'agree' between 70.2% and 75%). On the other hand, CC related to management of orofacial pain, oral mucosal disorders and treating malocclusions 'need attention' (percentage range of 'agree' between 38.5% and 56.5%) for their classroom and clinical training. However, the interns (percentage range of 'disagree' 13.4 between 47.6%) perceive lack of confidence for unsupervised clinical work for all KKUCOD CC except the one related to restoration and Endodontics. Conclusion: The Interns consider Clinical Competency system to be fair and important; however, measures should be taken so that they feel confident during unsupervised clinical work.

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Context: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are the 10^th most common cancer globally. About half a million new cases are diagnosed yearly with an increasing incidence in developing countries. Aim: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological and histopathological patterns of all HNCs in Benin City, Southern Nigeria, and to compare these findings with other similar research works globally. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective review of histopathology records of HNCs diagnosed over a period of 5 years (January 2008 and December 2012) at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. All specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, processed with Histokinette automated tissue processor, paraffin embedded, and sectioned at 3–5 microns with microtome machine before staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The histopathological diagnoses were analyzed with respect to age, sex, tumor types, and the International Classification of Disease Oncology Ninth Revision. Results: A total of 259 HNC cases were encountered. One hundred and forty males (54.1%) and 119 females (45.9%) were seen giving a ratio of 1.2:1. The mean age for all malignancies was 41.8 years ± 19.8 standard deviation of the 259 patients, 83.4% had carcinomas, 7.7% had lymphomas, 5.4% had blastomas, and 3.5% had sarcomas. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constituted 66.9% of all carcinomas. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma accounted for 85% of all lymphomas while retinoblastoma constituted 78.6% of primitive cells. Conclusion: The larynx was the most common topographic tumor site of primary HNCs in our study and the most common HNC were of epithelial origin (carcinoma) with SCC as the most prevalent malignancy.

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Context: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a useful tool for the study of the ultrastructural changes of the surface of the Schistosoma worms in response to chemotherapy as well as evaluation of serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) determine safety of the drug on cholinergic function. Aims: The aim was to study the effect of Mirazid (MZD) on the teguments of Schistosoma mansoni worms recovered from infected mice and its effect on the cholinergic function of treated animals compared to praziquantel (PZQ). Materials and Methods: Forty albino mice were enrolled in four groups of ten mice each: Group 1: normal group; Group II: infected control given only the vehicle; Group III: infected mice treated orally with MZD in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 days at 7-week postinfection; and Group IV: infected mice treated orally with PZQ 500 mg/kg for 2 days. Two-week posttreatment, mice were sacrificed and Schistosoma worms were examined by SEM and blood samples were taken for estimation of serum AChE. Statistical Analysis Used: The data of serum AChE level were analyzed using Student's t-test for comparison of means. Results: PZQ caused extensive tegumental damages in male and female worms in the form of rupture of tubercles and loss of spines in male worms and ulceration in female worms. MZD showed tegumental damages with shrinkage of the outer surface of male tubercles with marked loss of spines and mild ulceration in female worms. The two drugs showed nonsignificant effect on serum AChE compared to the normal mice. Conclusions: MZD showed potent antischistosomal activity but lower than that of PZQ and the two drugs had no effect on cholinergic function at the studied dose.

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Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the perception of teaching professionalism (TP) in a developing medical college. We hypothesize there is a correlative perceptual relation between TP and faculty observation of professionalism among medical undergraduates. Methods and Design: Faculty members of the College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia, were surveyed to assess the perception of TP. The survey was circulated and collected manually. It was conducted between July and November 2015. Chi-square test was used to analyze the obtained data employing the SSPS 22 program. Results: A total of 65 faculty members (36 males and 29 females) responded to the survey, of whom 40% were involved in TP, 30.8% did not agree to the validity and reliability of assessment tools, and 60% thought their students had a “good” professional conduct and final year students were observed to be more disciplined and showed professionalism. In spite of the discrepancy and inconsistency of TP, there was a good faculty perception of professionalism in undergraduates medical students (χ² [24] = 21.8, P > 0.6). Conclusion: Faculty teaching and assessing methods of professionalism were variable and inconsistent; nevertheless, there was an acceptable level of perception among faculty members. Student's professionalism assessment is difficult and remains to be a challenge. Continuous and rigorous faculty development program of TP in emerging medical colleges is suggested.

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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is neuroectodermal tumor arising within multiple organs and most common type accounting 90% of the cases. It is one of the most frequent human genetic diseases, with a prevalence of 1 in 2500–3000 births. The expressivity of NF1 is extremely variable, with manifestations ranging from mild clinical lesions to several complications and functional impairment. Osseous involvement of NF1 in craniofacial complex is highly variable and most of the cases may not have any osseous defect or have insignificant osseous involvement. Oral manifestations can be found in almost 72% of the NF1 patients. Here, we present a unique case demonstrating classic features of NF1 propagating particular emphasis on clinicoradiological (bare orbit sign) and histopathological features but no significant oral manifestations.

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