Background: The prevalence of dry eye symptoms is estimated to be between 7% and 34% depending on the studies, the diagnostic tests used, or the populations studied. Eye dryness is caused primarily by an aqueous deficiency, excessive lacrimal film evaporation or a combination of both. Besides age, several individual and environmental causes were reported as risk factors of dry eye symptoms. Purpose: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of dry eye symptoms and to determine the most frequent risk factors among patients of King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital (Taif), Saudi Arabia. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study using a valid questionnaire (ocular surface disease index [OSDI]) was used to assess the symptoms of dry eye among patients at King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital in Taif city from August to September 2017. Statistical data were analyzed using Statistical package for the social sciences version 21.0. Results: Out of 482 patients (mean age = 50.16), 116 patients were normal (0≤ OSDI Score ≤12), 103 patients had mild dry eye (13≤ OSDI Score ≤22), moderate dry eye (23≤ OSDI Score ≤32) was prevalent among 62 patients and 201 patients had severe dry eyes (OSDI Score ≤33). No significant effect of gender (P = 0.71) was observed on symptoms of dry. However, age has significant but weak impact (P = 0.01, r = 0.155). Arthritis (P = 0.021, odds ratio [OR] =1.95%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 3.43) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.69, P = 0.002) were significant factors for dry eye condition. Conclusion: The dry eye symptoms are highly prevalent among patients of King Abdulaziz Hospital. A lot of factors show no significant difference such as smoking and diabetes between groups exposed and not exposed while others such as arthritis and hypercholesterolemia show statistically significant difference. We must make more effort to know what exactly related to dry eye for early intervention and management.

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Background: Moral sensitivity is a core element for decision-making among nurses. It is necessary to understand the existing levels of moral sensitivity among health professionals using validated instruments. The Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (MSQ) is developed within the context of Western culture and there is no prior testing among Arab nurses. Materials and Methods: This study explored the psychometric properties of Arabic-translated version of the MSQ among a sample of 338 Saudi nursing students. Pilot testing of the Arabic version revealed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.73. Results: The questionnaire has a good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 and item-total correlation values ranging from 0.19 to 0.44. A 7-factor structure was illustrated by exploratory factor analysis. Conclusions: The questionnaire showed strong psychometric properties among the study individuals. Assessment of moral sensitivity among Arab nurses using this translated questionnaire is recommended for ensuring professional ethical conduct.

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Montgomery T-tube is made up of silicone which has greater flexibility and minimal tissue reaction. It has the advantage of acting as both tracheostomy tube and stent to keep the tracheal airway open after repair of tracheal stenosis. Here, we report successful management of a case of 10-year-old male child who was tracheostomized for subglottic stenosis which developed due to prolonged mechanical ventilation in Intensive Care Unit due to accidental phenyl consumption.

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Objective: This study serves as an early exploration of the benefits and limitations of the flipped classroom (FC) teaching strategy, as perceived by oral radiology undergraduate dental students, as well as of the resistance and challenges expected when applying it. Materials and Methods: A video lecture was presented to 50 oral radiology students 2 days before the lecture date as FC preparation, after which class time was used for exercise questions and discussion. A questionnaire with 5-point Likert scale and two open questions was used to measure students' perspectives toward FC. Results: The main concerns about FC reported by the students (54%) were lack of time for preparing for class and a high comfort level with traditional lectures. The main positive perspectives were that FC provides more time for questions and discussions (60%), students were motivated to learn more about FC (50%), and students were willing to use videos and technology in the learning process (60%). Conclusions: Students' perceptions about FC were reserved because of the insufficient amount of time they had to prepare for it and because they were more accustomed to traditional-style lectures. Nevertheless, students were willing to learn more about FC and how to use technology to improve the learning process. If FC was to be adopted, further faculty development would be needed to better enhance the learning process for oral radiology students.

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Mastoid osteoma is a benign osteogenic tumor with few reported cases in the literature. The exact cause is unknown; however, developmental anomaly, trauma, and infection have been implicated. Majority are asymptomatic, and diagnosis can be made with computed tomography scan. Surgical excision is curative and offers acceptable cosmetic results. We aimed to report a case of mastoid osteoma coexisting with subgaleal lipoma and outline its management. A 35-year-old woman presented with left mastoid and frontal swellings because of unacceptable disfigurement. Clinical and radiological evaluation was suggestive of mastoid osteoma and sublingual lipoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology, after total surgical excision. The patient made uneventful recovery and had acceptable curative and esthetic results. Mastoid osteoma can occur alone or in association with other lesions such as lipoma, especially in syndromic type. In general, asymptomatic and cranial computed tomography scan remained an imaging of choice and surgical resection confers good outcome.

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Fusion is a developmental anomaly of shape of the tooth seen in developing primary or permanent teeth. Etiology is not exactly known, but the physical pressure or force generated during growth causes contact and fusion between adjacent tooth buds. The genetic foundation for the anomaly is possibly autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance. The bilateral type of fusion in the primary dentition is very rare and is usually 0.02%. Till now, only 18 cases have been previously reported in dental literature since 1940, and in the Indian population, only few cases have been reported. In bilateral fusion of primary lateral incisor and canine, 75% chance of lacking the succedaneous lateral incisors have been reported. The anomalies of the permanent dentition are strongly associated with anomalies in the primary dentition. The potential clinical problems associated with fusion require orthodontic, prosthetic, cosmetic, and periodontal intervention also. Thus, to establish a right treatment to this anomaly, the early proper examination and knowledge to recognize the anomalies associated between primary teeth and permanent teeth is a prerequisite.

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Aims: This study aim to explore female undergraduates' healthy behaviors, to explore significant differences in their healthy behaviors, and to discover potential correlations between students' healthy behaviors and their demographic variables. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2015–2016. The Health-Promotion Lifestyle Profile scale (HPLP-II) was distributed to all 2^nd, 3^rd, and 4^th year undergraduate female students in 6 health professions at Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Results: A total of 324 participants out of 375 completed the questionnaire with 86.4% response rate. The mean age was 20.69 ± 1.082. The overall/total score for the HPLP-II was 2.46 ± 0.42. There were significant differences in students' healthy behaviors and associations between HPLP-II scores and demographic characteristics. Conclusions: The overall score for HPLP-II was low. The spiritual growth subscale had the highest mean, and physical activity had the lowest mean. The mean scores for HPLP-II of juniors and younger students were higher compared with those of senior and older students. As students progressed through their academic years, their stress management declined. Students in the clinical nutrition profession scored higher on the nutrition subscale than students in the other professions. Therefore, considering female students' low scores in the dimensions of healthy behaviors, it is recommended that educators in charge of decision-making introduce physical and health education to the general curriculum for female university-level students. Facilities should also be provided to encourage healthy lifestyles in female students.

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Context: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, coexistent cardiometabolic risk factors contribute to atherosclerosis. Aims: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between known cardiometabolic risk factors and CIMT in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from June 2015 to May 2016 in a tertiary care center in Pakistan. Subjects and Methods: We recruited 237 participants among whom 119 had type 2 diabetes mellitus while 118 were controls. After complete history and examination, investigations including fasting and random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and fasting lipid profile were obtained. All participants underwent Doppler ultrasound scanning of the carotid arteries for measurement of CIMT. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed through SPSS version 20.0 using Pearson's correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The target population constituted 44.3% males and 55.7% females. Among the participating males, 49.6% were diabetic while 50.4% of the female population was diabetic. There was a strong positive correlation of CIMT with duration of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. This correlation was moderately positive with age, diastolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Different cardiometabolic risk factors have a varying impact on CIMT in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The major contribution to CIMT is by the blood pressure, cholesterol, and duration of diabetes mellitus.

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Introduction: Medical specialty selection for senior students and interns in Saudi Arabia is the most important issue during their modules and hospital training. Many factors affect this process, so the primary aim of this study is to assess participants' preferred specialty, location, and other factors influencing their choices. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved interns and 6^th-year students from the medical schools in Saudi Arabia, conducted from October to November 2015. A self-reported questionnaire assessed baseline characteristics, specialties of interest, location, and psychological aspects of their preferences. Results: A response rate of 25.1% (540 participants) out of 2150 surveyed students and interns. About 70.2% were interns, 52.2% were male, with a mean grade point average of 3.75/5.0, and predominantly from Taif University. Nearly 58.3% were interested in local training programs. The National Guard Hospital was the most desired hospital while Riyadh was the preferred city for training. The preferred medical specialties were internal medicine and pediatrics, yet 5.9% were undecided about their future specialty. The most important factor in choosing a specialty is a student's personal interest while a training program's quality is also a compelling reason for a certain training site. Furthermore, 81.8% of those who chose international training programs preferred North America, those were more likely to have the required qualifications (P = 0.039) and more likely to be interested in academic positions (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Almost 70.2% of the participants are interns, 58.3% are interested in the local training programs, and the most desired specialty is internal medicine. The National Guard Hospital was considered as the best training location. Those selecting international residency programs were more likely to be interested in academic careers.

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Talus fracture in pediatric age is very rare due to the higher elasticity of skeletally immature bone in comparison to the adult bone. The usual mechanism of these types of fractures is a fall from height with the foot in dorsiflexion position. We are presenting a case report for a pediatric patient with comminuted talar body and talar neck fracture which was treated nonsurgically with cast immobilization and his outcome in 2 years follow-up.

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